endometrial hyperplasia pathology outlines
2,4 Endometrial hyperplasia thickens the uterus lining, causing heavy or abnormal bleeding. Focused Endometrial Hyperplasia with stained slides of pathology. The number of endometrial polyps during the study period was 1031 and therefore 3.1% of all endometrial polyps diagnosed during the study period contained a hyperplasia. Methods: Data on patients with preoperative diagnosis of CAH, grade 1 and 2 EC undergoing laparoscopic indocyanine green (ICG) sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping followed by frozen section … Endometrial hyperplasia refers to the thickening of the endometrium. However, we cannot answer medical or research questions or give advice. Usually endometrial hyperplasia causes vaginal bleeding which is different to your usual pattern. Endometrial hyperplasia is a proliferation of glands with an increased gland-to-stroma ratio compared with normal proliferative endometrium. Hyperplasia in the secretory-type endometrium is extremely rare and something diagnosed by or in consultation with an expert in gynecologic pathology.. Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia, abbreviated ALHE, is a rare skinpathology. Endometrial hyperplasia is a condition in which the endometrium (lining of the uterus) is abnormally thick. The condition tends to occur during or after menopause. Background: Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia, also known as complex atypical hyperplasia, is a precancerous lesion of the endometrium associated with a 40% risk of concurrent endometrial cancer at the time of hysterectomy. The change can be focal, patchy, or diffuse and can vary in severity from area to area. Defined as an increased proliferation of the endometrial glands relative to the stroma, resulting in an increased gland-to-stroma ratio when compared with normal proliferative endometrium. Comments: Endometrial hyperplasia is defined as endometrial proliferation with an increase in gland to stroma ratio (from 2:1 to 3:1).It is divided into Simple hyperplasia (with or without atypia) and Complex hyperplasia (with or without atypia) according to the WHO Classification.The image shows a proliferation of dilated endometrial glands with no or minimal outpouchings. Some women may have a vaginal discharge. In endometrial carcinomas, eosinophilic cell change was frequently associated with mucinous metaplasia and the two types of metaplastic cells were occasionally intermingled in a single neoplastic gland. Some women may have bleeding in between their periods, when it is not expected. Comment: There are rare minute foci suspicious for a FIGO grade 1 endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma. Atypical types of endometrial hyperplasia, especially complex, increase your risk of getting cancer. Endometrial hyperplasia AZFAR NEYAZ, JUNIOR RESIDENT SGPGIMS, LUCKNOW 2. In addition, immunohistochemical studies of the morules of the endometrium have not been performed [2-5]. © Copyright PathologyOutlines.com, Inc. Click, Kurman: WHO Classification of Tumours of the Female Reproductive Organs, 4th Edition, 2014, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;10:CD012214, Endometrioid adenocarcinoma, FIGO grade 1, Endometrial hyperplasia / endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN), Proliferation of endometrial glands with a resulting increase in gland to stroma ratio, Atypical hyperplasia / endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia (AH / EIN), Prior terminologies (simple and complex) are no longer included, AH / EIN is considered a premalignant condition, Increased risk of both progression to and simultaneous endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma, Estrogen driven precursor lesion to endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma, Increase in gland to stroma ratio (> 3:1 glandular to stromal elements), Divided into 2 groups: with or without atypia, Definitive treatment for AH / EIN is hysterectomy; progestin therapy for fertility preservation, Age: fourth to sixth decades (peak fifth), Body mass index (BMI): dose response relationship of BMI ≥ 25 and risk of hyperplasia (, Uterus: endometrium, endometrial polyps or adenomyosis, Ectopic endometrial glands / stroma are responsive to estrogen stimulation and can also develop an endometrial-like hyperplasia and subsequently carcinoma (, Increased endogenous or exogenous estrogen, unopposed by progesterone (, Initially, estrogen has mitogenic effect on both endometrial glands and stroma, Chronic estrogenic stimulation without progesterone affects glands to a greater extent → glandular overgrowth (hyperplasia), Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): increased circulating androgens peripherally converted into estrogen, Chronic anovulation / infertility: dysregulated estrogen without opposing progesterone secretion → simultaneous proliferation and breakdown, Estrogen supplementation: systemic therapy to alleviate symptoms of menopause → endometrial proliferation, Tamoxifen: hormonal treatment for breast cancer acts as estrogen receptor antagonist in breast but agonist in endometrium, Obesity: aromatase (enzyme converting circulating androgens to estrogen) is found in adipose tissue → peripheral hyperestrogenism (, Stromal hyperplasia and hyperthecosis: stromal luteinization → hyperandrogenism → hyperestrogenism (, Hormone secreting stromal tumors: granulosa cell tumor, thecoma, Abnormal or dysfunctional uterine bleeding (, Hysteroscopy with endometrial curettage (, No validated biomarker for endometrial hyperplasia, Thickened endometrial stripe on pelvic / transvaginal ultrasound (, Presence / absence of atypia is most important feature, Progression to endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma in up to 28% of cases without hysterectomy after 20 year followup (, Concurrent endometrial carcinoma in up to 43% of cases (, Majority are low grade (FIGO grade 1) and low stage (FIGO stage IA or IB) (, Hyperplasia without atypia: progression to endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma in up to 4.6% of cases after 20 year followup (, Hysterectomy too aggressive; risk of progression to or simultaneous endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma is low (refer to, Treatments outlined below for AH / EIN acceptable within appropriate clinical context, Endometrial hyperplasia without atypia arising in endometrial polyp: polypectomy curative if completely excised under hysteroscopic guidance, Endometrial ablation can be used (not adequate alternate therapy for AH / EIN or refractory endometrial hyperplasia without atypia) (, Hysterectomy with or without bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is definitive treatment. However, any woman can develop endometrial hyperplasia. The endometrium (lining of the uterus) may develop endometrial hyperplasia, which includes precancerous (intraepithelial) neoplasms (atypical complex hyperplasia) and non-neoplastic entities (simple and many complex hyperplasias without atypia); these are characterized by a proliferation of endometrial glands of irregular size and shape. The basal portion of gland lining cells is shown. O The incidence of endometrial hyperplasia is estimated to be at least three times higher than endometrial cancer. It is predominantly characterized by an increase in the endometrial gland-to-stroma ratio when compared to normal proliferative endometrium. the endometrium with cellular debris in the uterine lumen and a few associated inflammatory cells. Microglandular hyperplasia is associated with increased risk of clear cell carcinoma Microglandular hyperplasia is often associated with endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma, microglandular pattern Microglandular hyperplasia is usually an incidental finding in women of reproductive age If patient desires fertility or is not a surgical candidate: Polypectomy curative if completely excised under operative hysteroscopy, Hysterectomy occasionally warranted in appropriate clinical context, Progestin therapy: oral or intrauterine device (, Latter considered superior for efficacy, compliance and prevention of recurrence, Can even be trialed for fertility preservation in cases up to nonmyoinvasive FIGO grade 1 endometrioid adenocarcinoma, Florid to pseudopolypoid endometrium (similar to that of secretory phase), Not appropriate for diagnosing hyperplasia or atypia, Intraoperative consultation may be utilized for diagnosing adenocarcinoma in a patient with preoperative diagnosis of AH / EIN but this is not considered standard of care, Concurrent carcinoma may be missed intraoperatively due to endometrial undersampling for lack of gross lesion (, Closely packed glands such that gland to stroma ratio is > 3:1 but stroma is still present between glandular basement membranes (however minimal), Variation in gland size with cystic dilatation or irregular luminal contours (budding, angulation, invagination, outpouching, papillary projections), Increased volume of endometrial tissue on biopsy / curetting is typical but NOT required for diagnosis, Reminiscent of normal proliferative endometrium with pseudostratified, mitotically active, elongated columnar cells, Can show mild cellular enlargement but retain smooth nuclear contours without distinct nucleoli, Metaplastic changes common (eosinophilic, papillary syncytial, squamous morular, mucinous, ciliated), Similar to the spectrum described above for hyperplasia without atypia, Enlarged, rounded and irregular nuclear contours, Prominent, enlarged nucleoli with coarse and vesicular chromatin, Occasionally, cytoplasmic eosinophilia imparts a distinct low power appearance, Stratified cells demonstrating loss of polarity with respect to basement membrane, Not typically useful in differential diagnosis between normal endometrium and benign / malignant endometrial proliferations, Most frequently mutated genes in endometrioid endometrial carcinoma and its precursors (tumor suppressor and transcription factor inactivation, respectively), Helpful but neither sensitive nor specific for AH / EIN, AH / EIN is variably associated with mutations in, Loss of mismatch repair proteins resulting in progressive accumulation of microsatellite unstable loci (, Disordered proliferative endometrium with focus of hyperplasia without atypia, AH / EIN focally bordering on endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma (FIGO grade I) (see comment). Endometrial hyperplasia may be generally visible as a single and prevailing mass in the endometrial cavity. Comments: Endometrial hyperplasia is defined as endometrial proliferation with an increase in gland to stroma ratio (from 2:1 to 3:1).It is divided into Simple hyperplasia (with or without atypia) and Complex hyperplasia (with or without atypia) according to the WHO Classification.The image shows a proliferation of dilated endometrial glands with no or minimal outpouchings. Endometrial Hyperplasia is an abnormal condition in which there is a proliferation of the lining of the uterus occurring due to a sustained stimulation by estrogen. We welcome suggestions or questions about using the website. Endometrial hyperplasia is an overgrowth of the endometrium, the lining of the uterus, that may progress to or coexist with endometrial cancer. Rindi G, Solcia E. Endocrine hyperplasia and dysplasia in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal and pancreatic endocrine tumors. The types vary by the amount of abnormal cells and the presence of cell changes. These types are: simple endometrial hyperplasia, complex endometrial hyperplasia, simple atypical endometrial … 2007 Dec;36(4):851-65. Progestin therapy can ease symptoms. The variables assessed include nature of the endometrial glands, metaplastic glandular changes, nuclear atypia, hobnail change, and endometrial hyperplasia. What is endometrial hyperplasia? This is the layer of cells that line the inside of your uterus.When your endometrium thickens, it can lead to unusual bleeding. Telescoping and pseudocompression of glands due to procedure / processing artifact may create appearance of packed and back to back glands, Absence of peripheral stromal elements to lesion in question is a clue to artificial density, Can have similar low power appearance to hyperplastic endometrium with closely apposed and cystically dilated glands but these do not have the irregular contours of hyperplasia, Glandular lining is low cuboidal to flattened without mitotic activity, in contrast to proliferative endometrium, Stroma is dense and resembles that of endometrium basalis, Similar low power appearance in biopsies (by definition - altered, disorganized or irregular glands), Endometrial polyps can contain foci of AH / EIN, Histologically considered as degree below hyperplasia without atypia on a shared morphologic spectrum and distinction is often not reproducible, Both have similar treatment (exogenous progestin), When involving nonhyperplastic glands, can create false appearance of solid crowding, As in endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma, squamous component should be subtracted in assessment of glandular architecture, Surface syncytial and eosinophilic metaplasia, Similar low power appearance due to cytoplasmic eosinophilia and epithelial proliferation, Metaplasia is usually cytologically bland, Menstrual endometrium may demonstrate altered cytology, such as loss of polarity due to nuclear piling and coarsening of chromatin, Collapse of glands creates artificial crowding without stromal scaffolding, Presence of glandular aggregation amidst necrotic predecidua can deceptively mimic carcinoma, Degree of atypia between the two is usually similar, Stromal alteration suggesting invasion - desmoplasia (myofibroblasts, edema, inflammation) or necrosis (intervening endometrial stroma replaced by pools of neutrophilic debris), Brown-red and firm, infiltrative gross appearance, Intrauterine device is considered definitive therapy, No increased risk of endometrial carcinoma, Crowded glands with minimal residual intervening stroma, Glands with cribriforming architecture and cytologic alterations distinct from surrounding glands. Making the distinction between hyperplasia and true precancerous lesions or true neoplasia has significant clinical effect because their differing cancer risks must be matched with an appropriate intervention to avoid undertreatment or overtreatment. Outline Pathology of the Vagina and Cervix The Vagina The Vaginal Cuff Rectouterine Recess Cervix Pathology of the Uterus Normal Variations of the Uterus Leiomyomas Uterine Calcifications Adenomyosis Arteriovenous Malformations Uterine Leiomyosarcoma Pathology of the Endometrium Sonohysterography Endometrial Hyperplasia Endometrial Polyps Endometritis Synechiae Endometrial … Endometrial carcinoma is divided into numerous histologic categories based on cell type ().The most common cell type, endometrioid, accounts for 75% to 80% of cases. endometrial hyperplasia is its precursor.2 In the UK, 8617 new cases of endometrial cancer were registered in 2012. Irregular dilated glands with tubal metaplasia, Congratulations to The Scott Gwinnell Jazz Orchestra, winner of our April Pandemic Music Relief Award. Endometrial hyperplasia (EH) is a uterine pathology representing a spectrum of morphological endometrial alterations. The background benign polyps in these cases were characterised byhyperplasia with varying degrees of cytological atypia as well as focal periglandular stromal condensa-tion andepithelial metaplasias. Figure 4 Uterus, Endometrium - Endometrial hyperplasia: endometrial hyperplasia progestin therapy related changes Carcinoma: endometrial carcinoma-general carcinosarcoma (MMMT) clear cell carcinoma endometrioid carcinoma serous carcinoma undifferentiated / dedifferentiated carcinoma (pending) The number of endometrial polyps during the study period was 1031 and therefore 3.1% of all endometrial polyps diagnosed during the study period contained a hyperplasia. Which of the following features is required for a diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia? The Cause The endometrium is the sheet of cells that grows monthly to line the uterus. Squamous cell carcinoma. Endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma Fallopian tube. Cystic atrophy of the endometrium - does not have proliferative activity. Normally, women naturally expel these endometrial cells during menstruation. weight loss in obesity), Cystically dilated glands (> 2x normal size) randomly interspersed among proliferative endometrial glands, Dilated glands usually with irregular shape (branched, convoluted, scalloped outer contours), Relatively normal gland to stroma ratio (glands occupy < 50% of the surface area). Advertisement. Endometrial hyperplasia is an overgrowth of the endometrium, the lining of the uterus, that may progress to or coexist with endometrial cancer. Morular metaplasia of normal endometrium is very rare. Hyperplasias 24, 25, 26 Due to its common occurrence, this variant is also known as typical endometrial adenocarcinoma. Klöppel G, Anlauf M, Perren A. Endocrine precursor lesions of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Proliferative endometrium: Dilated glands may be present but typically only scattered Vast majority of glands: round donut or straight tubular shape, lined with tall pseudostratified columnar epithelium; mitotic figures commonly seen Endometrial hyperplasia without atypia: Continuum with disordered proliferative endometrium 3 The incidence of endometrial hyperplasia is estimated to be at least three times higher than endometrial cancer and if left untreated it can progress to cancer. The number of endometrial polyps during the study period was 1031 and therefore 3.1% of all endometrial polyps diagnosed during the study period contained a hyperplasia. showedcystic hyperplasia with benign polyps (fig 5). Purpose: To compare two surgical strategies used to identify lymph node metastases in patients with preoperative diagnosis of complex atypical hyperplasia (CAH), grade 1 and 2 endometrial cancer (EC). On histologic examination, PPE ranges from simple papillae with fibrovascular cores, often involving the surface of endometrial polyps, to complex int … Women with this diagnosis based on endometrial sampling are frequently found to have endometrial cancer at hysterectomy. There are four types of endometrial hyperplasia. Squamous (morules) metaplasia of the endometrium is usually seen in endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma [1]. Various in situ and invasive carcinomas, sarcomas B-ALL (50%) Breast: low p53 levels in ADH, higher frequency in comedo DCIS Endometrial hyperplasia 1. Visual survey of surgical pathology with 11065 high-quality images of benign and malignant neoplasms & related entities. showedcystic hyperplasia with benign polyps (fig 5). AH / EIN bordering on FIGO grade I endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma, Congratulations to The Scott Gwinnell Jazz Orchestra, winner of our April Pandemic Music Relief Award. A. Adenomatous hyperplasia of the endometrium. This article outlines how to identify the symptoms and signs associated with endometrial pathology and how these correlate with the final diagnosis. The symptom most frequently associated with endometrial hyperplasia is heavy, extremely long, or continuous bleeding without large blood clots. 1998 Jul;33(1):75-9. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.1998.00458.x. Hysterectomy specimens outlines can be discussed, diagnosis, validate means taking you, the ovarian descriptor, last major update november 2011. This can be taken in several forms, including pill, shot, vaginal cream, or intrauterine device. Endometrial Hyperplasia Wide spectrum of patients Associated with prolonged, unopposed exppgosure to estrogen Therapy depends on type / … This study outlines the histologic changes seen in 106 endometrial specimens after use of the Mirena coil (levonorgestrel) and compares these changes with previous studies. Recommend additional sampling with endometrial curettage for a more definitive diagnosis. Treatment options for endometrial hyperplasia depend on what type you have. Setting A major teaching hospital in the UK. Outlines are complex Atypical Hyperplasia Th i b thThere is both cytological and architectural atypia present. Two surgical pathologists go by the pathology outlines the endometrial atrophy. Endometrial hyperplasia is caused by an excess of the hormone oestrogen, which is not balanced by the progesterone hormone. Complex endometrial hyperplasia - has increased gland-to-stroma ratio. Metaplastic changes common, including tubal metaplasia, eosinophilic syncytial metaplasia, etc. Eosinophilic cell change was more frequently seen in endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma than in benign nonhyperplastic endometrium. Design: In this study, we identified 32 women from pathology archives in whom endometrial hyperplasia was present within a polyp. These symptoms can be uncomfortable and disruptive. Cytological evaluation of endometrial hyperplasia in relation to histological pictures. Endometrial hyperplasia refers to the thickening of the endometrium. endometrial hyperplasia pathology pathology in outline format with mouse over histology previews. This population is demographically similar to the general po… 2,4 Visual survey of surgical pathology with 11065 high-quality images of benign and malignant neoplasms & related entities. Focused Endometrial Hyperplasia with stained slides of pathology. In general, estrogen causes stimulation or growth of the lining, while progesterone — the anti-estrogen hormone — causes the uterine lining to shed, resulting in a menstrual period. endometrial hyperplasia is its precursor.2 In the UK, 8617 new cases of endometrial cancer were registered in 2012. Kaiser Permanente Northern California is an integrated health plan with approximately 3.5 million members. Design In this study, we identified 32 women from pathology archives in whom endometrial hyperplasia was present within a polyp. Pathology Outlines – Endometrial hyperplasia – general. 3 The incidence of endometrial hyperplasia is estimated to be at least three times higher than endometrial cancer and if left untreated it can progress to cancer. If you take HRT, you may get bleeding at a time when you do not usually have a bleed. Endometrial hyperplasia (EH) is a condition in which the uterine lining is thicker than normal. Kidney. It is generally subdivided into complex endometrial hyperplasia without atypia and complex endometrial hyperplasia with atypia . If you have already stopped your periods and are in your menopause, you may experience unexpected bleeding. Images Atypical endometrial hyperplasia raises the risk of endometrial cancer and uterine cancer. Definition: bleeding > 5 days of unknown cause in women of childbearing age (eMedicine #1, #2); a clinical term, not a pathologist term ; Known causes: adenomyosis, anovulatory cycle, chronic inflammation, drugs with hormonal side effects, ectopic pregnancy, endocrine disorder, endometrial carcinoma (5% - 15% of postmenopausal bleeding), endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial polyp (5% - … We welcome suggestions or questions about using the website. Risk of progression in complex and atypical endometrial hyperplasia: Hence, precautions such as routine checkups and biopsies are recommended for patients while on progestin therapy. The study is a population-based retrospective cohort study within a large health maintenance organization setting. Complex atypical endometrial hyperplasia is a histologic diagnosis that falls along a spectrum of endometrial pathology. Many women find relief through progestin hormone treatments. Clinical questions –why endometrial cancer diagnosed on. It may also diffuse the endometrium. However, we cannot answer medical or research questions or give advice. OUTLINE OF TALK ... ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA IN POLYP •not uncommon for hyperplasia to be identified in endometrial polyp •don’t diagnose simple hyperplasia in … Figure 3 Uterus, Endometrium - Metaplasia, Squamous in a female Sprague Dawley rat from a chronic study. Pathology breakdown showed: 123 (6.8%) cases of endometrial cancer, 20 (1.1%) complex atypical hyperplasia and 73 (4.0%) NEH (51 of the cases were newly diagnosed and 22 had a prior diagnosis of NEH). 30100 Telegraph Road, Suite 408, Bingham Farms, Michigan 48025 (USA). Endometrial cancer was diagnosed in 10 cases, of which 5 were well-differentiated endometrioid carcinomas, confined to endometrial polyps, in a setting of endometrial hyperplasia. The variables assessed include nature of the endometrial glands, metaplastic glandular changes, nuclear atypia, hobnail change, and endometrial hyperplasia. While categories 1, 2 and 4 were generally ac-cepted,pathologists continued todebatethe exis-tence of group 3-type hyperplasias. Bell and Ostrezega give a laundry list for differentiating benign secretory endometrium from hyperplasia with secretory changes: focal architectural abnormalities, metaplastic ciliated & "clear" cells, sharp luminal border, epithelial pseudopalisading, nuclear atypia, vesicular nuclei, mitoses. This website is intended for pathologists and laboratory personnel but not for patients. A 32-year-old woman consulted to our hospital because of abnormal uterine bleeding. Endometrial hyperplasia can only be diagnosed after your endometrium has been sampled and evaluated under the microscope by a pathologist. Endometrial Hyperplasia Abnormal proliferation of endometrial glandular epithelium (and often stroma) that lacks stromal invasionthat lacks stromal invasion. Benign endometrial polyp - has thick-walled blood vessels; simple endometrial hyperplasia should not be diagnosed in a polyp. Click. ... Endometrial hyperplasia is defined as a proliferation of. osama warda 4 5. Women who have atypical endometrial hyperplasia have a higher risk of developing uterine cancer. There is focal squamous metaplasia of the endometrium. The most common treatment is progestin. Setting A major teaching hospital in the UK. The Cause The endometrium is the sheet of cells that grows monthly to line the uterus. Disordered proliferative endometrium with focus of hyperplasia without atypia Endometrium, biopsy: AH / EIN focally bordering on endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma (FIGO grade I) (see comment) Comment: There are rare minute foci suspicious for a FIGO grade 1 endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma. Endometrial hyperplasia treatment. Irregular glands may be present but only focal (< 10%) and small and only mildly dilated, Vast majority of glands: round donut or straight tubular shape, lined with tall pseudostratified columnar epithelium; mitotic figures commonly seen, Continuum with disordered proliferative endometrium, Irregular dilated glands, more diffusely distributed, Gland to stroma ratio > 1 (glands occupy ≥ 50% of the surface area), Cytologically distinct from background endometrium, Can result in glandular crowding, abnormal gland shapes and variable degrees of cytologic atypia, Associated with a significantly elevated risk of malignancy, Typically seen in patients with factors leading to unopposed estrogen stimulation (obesity, anovulation). Clinically approved predictive biomarkers for progestin therapy remain an unmet need. endometrial hyperplasias into 4 categories: 1. simplehyperplasia without atypia, 2. complex hyperplasia without atypia, 3. simple atypical hyperplasia, 4. complex atypical hyperplasia [1,2]. Endometrial Pathology (Hyperplasia and Endometrial Polyps) Endometrial Pathology. Women with atypical hyperplasia (AH) or well-differentiated early-stage endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEC) who wish to retain fertility and/or with comorbidities precluding surgery, are treated with progestin. And a response to 2014, cycling endometrium in, the endometrium. © Copyright PathologyOutlines.com, Inc. Click, Endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasm (EIN) / atypical hyperplasia (AH), The Global Library of Women's Medicine: Endometrial Hyperplasia and Neoplasia [Accessed 11 February 2021], Abnormal proliferative endometrium with architectural changes due to persistent unopposed estrogen stimulation, Generally taken as benign, not precancerous (, Continuum of the spectrum of changes seen with persistent, unopposed estrogen stimulation, which can lead to hyperplasia without atypia, Presence of irregularly shaped or cystic dilated glands with relatively normal gland to stroma ratio, Unopposed estrogen → disordered proliferative endometrium (early phase) → hyperplasia without atypia (later phase) (, Asymptomatic or abnormal uterine bleeding, Ultrasound may show irregularly thickened endometrium, Progesterone, if symptomatic (abnormal uterine bleeding) (, Elimination of the cause of estrogen excess (e.g.